American Culture And Ruth s Irish Culture - 922 Words

On this occasion, I found that my American culture and Ruth’s Irish culture were actually quite different from our cultures as a while, but nonetheless comparable. We both share a â€Å"strong (or high) uncertainty avoidance†¦ [preferring] clear procedures and conflict-avoidance behaviors† (Ting-Toomey Chung, p. 50). , which is something the United States culture is not known for. However, upon reflecting on the conversation that Ruth and I shared with our friend, neither of us openly demonstrated how uncomfortable we were with our friends bragging. We preferred instead to preform face-saving motions, like congratulating them and acting interested. I think that sometimes our own personality and experiences can cause us to act in ways that may go against the mainstream culture. So when it comes to Ruth and I, maybe we simply have a stronger personality to avoid conflict than the cultures we may have been socialized in. When it comes to this conversation with our friend, and the fact that Ruth and I both tend to avoid conflict. Although, Ruth was visible uncomfortable with the bragging our friend was doing, she understood that she needed to be adaptive and realize that our friend may not understand that what they are doing could be uncomfortable. However, Ruth s nonverbal display of awkward glances at our friend and I, did give away that she was not completely adaptable. Given this, I think it is important for people to understand that we must â€Å"express emotions and attitudesShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Intercultural Communication And Communication889 Words   |  4 Pagescommunication or the symbolic exchange process whereby individuals from two or more different cultural communities attempt to negotiate shared meaning in an interactive situation is an ever evolving discipline (Ting-Toomey Chung, 2012, p. 5). In today s world, intercultural communication will be extremely important, because after all, diversity and the need for cultural awareness will only be increasing. In light of this, over the course of this semester I have partnered with an international studentRead MoreWhiteness and Citizenship971 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"white† implies more than a chromatic description. â€Å"White† is an untenable perfection that has haunted the American psyche since colonial times. The idea of â€Å"white spiritual superiority† can only be enforce by a terrorist politico-legal system, based on brutalizing the non-whites and creating a national fantasy. A national fantasy defined by Lauren Berlant as the means â€Å"to designate how national culture becomes local through the images, narratives, monuments, and sites that circulate through personal/collectiveRead MoreIrish in America Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesIrish in America America is a melting pot of different cultures, religions, ideas and identities, a country which over the years has been molded, shaped and changed by its people. There are many historical factors that gone into creating the country as we know it today, but none so influential as the immigration of millions to â€Å"the land of opportunity†. The millions of people who came to the United States in hopes of finding a better life greatly affected the course of American historyRead MoreSummary Of Book The Poisonwood Bible 1079 Words   |  5 Pagesmost important writers of the 20th century by Writer s Digest. She also established the Bellwether prize for fiction, which helps new authors get recognized for their fantastic work. http://www.kingsolver.com/biography/ Genre(s) and characteristics of genre(s): Family Saga-a historical retelling of a family experience and struggle in the Congo. Historical Fiction-Kingsolver uses this genre to express the general feeling of guilt the Americans experience. Coming of age-As shown by the before andRead MoreWhiteness as a Field of Study2712 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"white† implies more than a chromatic description. â€Å"White† is an untenable perfection that has haunted the American psyche since colonial times. The idea of â€Å"white spiritual superiority† can only be enforced by a terrorist politico-legal system, based on brutalizing the non-whites and creating a national fantasy. A national fantasy defined by Lauren Berlant as the means â€Å"to designate how national culture becomes local through the images, narratives, monuments, and sites that circulate through personal/collectiveRead MoreMy Life Of A Woman1708 Words   |  7 Pagespeers and most of those times I would answer them nothing Pokharel 3 thinking much of them. My father used to work at a conviencnce store and I used to help out. One day a lady driving a big truck with a God Bless America sign bumper sticker and an American flag hanging from the truck came into the store. When my father, who has a heavy accent spoke to her she made a snide remark to him to go â€Å"learn English† and as she left the store, she wished that â€Å"immigrants would stop coming to the US to stealRead MoreBaseball Has No Game Clock Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pagesthe National League (NL) and American League (AL), each with three divisions: East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series. The top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. Contents   [hide]   1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 History of baseball in the United States 1.2.1 The game turns professional 1.2.2 Rise of Ruth and racial integration 1.2.3Read MoreReview of ‚Äà ²Dressed to Kill: Consumption, Style and the Gangster (Ruth, 1996)‚Äà ´2868 Words   |  12 PagesKill: Consumption, Style and the Gangster (Ruth, 1996)’ By Daniel De Brett The introduction of the ‘gangster’, comprising of personality, characteristics, image, consumption patterns, behaviours and attitudes, into the American society during the 1920s had a significant impact and influence on people’s society and culture. The public enemy, defined by business organisation, violent criminality and stylish consumption, was deployed by many Americans during the development of a new consumer societyRead MoreDance 101 Study Guide 2 Essay7099 Words   |  29 Pages Lesson 2 Study Guide Broadway The American Musical: At the start of the 20th century, the popular vaudeville shows that crossed the nation became the training ground and inspiration for the birth of the American musical. As the primary location for the professionalization of American performance art, understanding the complicated negotiation of gendered and racial identities on the Broadway stage provides important background to the development of an American identity in concert dance through theRead MoreThe Influence of Jerry Garcia on American History2865 Words   |  12 PagesThe Influence of Jerry Garcia on American History The vocalist and guitarist of the Grateful Dead, Jerry Garcia was one of the most influential musicians of the twentieth century, impacting both the musical and cultural realms. Jerry Garcia was fated to become one of America’s most influential people ever since he was born into Jose Garcia’s household. During his childhood, Jerry Garcia lived in an environment that fueled his musical development and experienced many events that pushed him closer

My Personal Leadership My Leadership - 1690 Words

Throughout my life I have been on my own leadership journey. I had not realized it at first but every part of life has a lesson to learn. With the beginning leadership classes and the start of the Leadership Studies Minor, I have become more aware of what true leadership is about. As it was drilled in our heads throughout the course, â€Å"leadership is a process†. Learning this concept cleared the air of all the occasions in life that were adaptive but never had a term to describe them. I know now that the term is â€Å"Adaptive Leadership†. I like the quote; â€Å"Standing in the garage no more makes you a car than standing in an office makes you a leader.† A leader has qualities not positions or titles. A great leader to me is someone who is hard working, visionary, a good active listener, honest, honorable, and someone who is not afraid to ask questions. This is what I believe we have been learning this semester in class. It is the process in which an individual can take to overcome an obstacle by first managing self, to defining the situation, then to intervening skillfully, and energizing others to make the changes needed. As the book states, â€Å"Adaptive Leadership is the practice of mobilizing people to tackle tough challenges and thrive.† I anticipate using this as a takeaway from the class. Just working through one system this semester through different journal entries I have been able to make a difference. For me, the â€Å"balcony† term sticks the greatest. I have always been aShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Leadership Model Of Leadership Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pageswith leadership skills has the potential in becoming a good leader. I also believe a person can lead if he or she has good core values view of the world. One core value from each level including individual, between-people, organizational, and s ocial, showing how individuals are acting towards the values others. These values help to complete my personal model of leadership, and how I conducted myself as a leader when I was in a leadership role (Smith, 2005). Individual In building my personalRead MoreMy Personal Leadership Model Of Leadership1480 Words   |  6 Pageswith leadership skills has the potential in becoming a good leader. I also believe a person can lead if he or she has good core values views of the world. One core value from each level, including individual, between-people, organizational, and social, showing how individuals are acting towards the values others. These values help to complete my personal model of leadership, and how I conducted myself as a leader when I was in a leadership role (Smith, 2005). Individual In building my personalRead MoreMy Personal Leadership Philosophy Of Leadership1214 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Leadership is an influential word: and its meaning may differ from person to person. Some describe leadership as the people in the highest and most powerful positions within an organization. But as I look back on the positions I have held and the people I would consider leaders, the people I would choose to follow, they were not necessarily the higher ranked people in the organization. They were the people with vision and moral compass who moved the company forward. These peopleRead MoreLeadership : My Personal Leadership Philosophy916 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership is the ability to inspire and focus members on a common goal, whether short term or long term and have the same vision. Leadership is more than telling or ordering, but having members believe and want to follow the same path as you. It’s a commitment to your people built on trust and respect. Many leaders shaped my personal leadership philosophy, to include several negative and positive experiences. Nega tive experiences from poor leaders and lessons learned on my part have uniquelyRead MoreLeadership : My Personal Leadership Philosophy919 Words   |  4 Pages1. Leadership is the ability to inspire and focus members on a common goal, whether short term or long term and have the same vision. Leadership is more than telling or ordering, but having members believe and want to follow the same path as you. It’s a commitment to your people built on trust and respect. Many leaders shaped my personal leadership philosophy, to include several negative and positive experiences. Negative experiences from poor leaders and lessons learned on my part have uniquelyRead MoreLeadership Theory : My Personal Leadership2129 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Æ' Leadership Theory: Before discussing and describing my personal leadership style and synthesize the course material of different leadership theory, I want to talk about the development of my personal leadership style. In order to develop my personal leadership, what I did for the first five week of class was journal and observe my weak area of leadership and then comparing it with theories, given approaches and situations to find ways to improve and develop my weakness. I always have had a problemRead MoreMy Personal Leadership Style Of Leadership1758 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership is the ability to guide others in a way that all learn and grow in a responsible manner. It is the ability to place another before self in order to empower them. Leadership is the ability to see an issue, assess it, and work alongside others in order to move forward. It is the ability to take an educated risk or guess and guide others in the same direction. My personal leadership style is to be a delegate. Democratic lea ders allow group members to make decisions. The leader cannot be anRead MoreMy Personal Model Of Leadership1712 Words   |  7 PagesWhere there is no community, trust, respect, ethical behavior, it is difficult for the young to learn and from the old to maintain (Sendjaya and Sarros, 2002, p. 68). The founder of servant leadership, Robert K Greenleaf; believes that every person ought to own values that could support and guide others. Greenleaf s theory the servant leader is a servant first; it begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve (Dierendonck Patterson, 2010). In order to serve, people must comprehendRead MoreMy Personal Leadership Philosophy, Leadership, And Ownership857 Words   |  4 Pages1. My personal leadership philosophy is â€Å"Leadership through personal example and ownership†. Throughout my career I have served with several leaders that inspired me and solidified this philosophy in me. LCDR Fritz Kuebler was one of those mentors and conti nues to be a source of inspiration. He could always be looked to for how to handle difficult situations. When faced with adversity or a leadership challenge he could be seen taking a few brief moments to internally analyze and then issue a decisionRead MoreMy Personal Definition Of Leadership1500 Words   |  6 Pageson my career, I believe it would be hard for me to imagine my current positions, rank and responsibility in both the fire service and Coast Guard when I began in 1998. Over the years I have had several great mentors who have shaped my perceptions and guided my actions. My parents garner much of the credit of my successes as they raised me with a baseline of values which serves me still today. Those values, my mentors and my experiences have worked to temper my definition of leadership. My personal

Emotion and Stress †Does Guilt and Sympathy Affect Helping Behavior Free Essays

Helping behavior is perceived as socially acceptable and highly appreciated. Therefore, people tend to praise others when they have helped the needy. We used to think that only those people with positive personality, such as sensitive and kind, perform helping behaviors. We will write a custom essay sample on Emotion and Stress – Does Guilt and Sympathy Affect Helping Behavior? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nevertheless, whether one acts good or not also greatly depends on his or her emotional states. Through this psychology project, I found that people are more likely to perform a helping behavior when they feel guilty or sympathetic. Emotion is an indispensable part of humanity. It is a way for people to understand what they feel towards events and people around. Unlike lower-order animals, emotion helps people to act like a human. Serial killers are emotionless. People with emotionless may probably feel nothing when they are hurting or harming others which are highly unacceptable in society. Since people tend to engage more when they are happy but withdraw from daily activities when they are upset, we can see that our behaviors are always determined by our emotions. Yet, people tend to perform more helping behaviors when they feel guilty or sympathetic. How do these negative emotions push people to help their neighbors? Guilt is an emotion that occurs when people believe that they have violated a moral standard while sympathy is the feeling of being sorry for somebody showing that people understand and care about somebody’s problem. They are both negative rather than positive emotions. People do not feel good when they are guilty or sympathetic towards somebody. Is that true people involve more in altruistic behaviors when they are guilty or sympathetic? There is an experiment conducted by Jean Decety (2009) who is a neuroscientist studying the relationship between guilt, sympathy and helping. He is a professor of Psychology at the University of Chigago and is specialized in affective neuroscience. In the study, student subjects are required to observe their coworkers receiving shock. Some of them are made to think they are responsible for the coworker’s suffering (guilt condition), while others merely observe the suffering (observer condition. There is also a group working with coworkers receiving no shock. Later the three groups are given opportunities to help a third party who is not in the original experiment. The result shows that subjects in the guilt and observer condition are more likely than the control group to give their helping hand to the third party. The finding suggests that the feeling of guilt and sympathy and the willingness in engaging in an altruistic act is highly correlated. Subjects are more willing to help others when they feel sorry for a third person even they do not responsible for their unfortunate. At the same time, altruism may aroused merely by witnessing one’s suffering. There are three reasons for people who feel guilty and sympathetic to engage in helping behaviors. Altruism is a form of disguised self-interest and helps in mood management while restoring one’s self-image. People help others for their own benefits. It is always unpleasant to watch another organism suffer. When one empathizes because of their misfortune, strong negative emotion is arisen. People are actually seeking to alleviate the unpleasant feelings that their distress arouse in them. It is a kind of internal self-reward. This can reduce the negative feeling by saying they have at least done their part in helping the unfortunate. Therefore, altruism is the attempt to reduce the empathetic feeling that arises in people. Besides, people help others when they are guilty and sympathetic for mood management. Both guilt and sympathy are negative emotions which are unpleasant. Therefore, they can be reduced by performing a helpful act or any other positive means. In a study (Decety, 2009), subjects who had inflicted or witnessed an unfortunate situation received an unexpected monetary reward. The result shows that subjects who received rewards are less likely than those who do not receive any and remain in bad mood in engaging helping behaviors. This indicates that helping is just one of the positive means which can uplift one’s emotion. People are motivated to engage in altruistic act in order to alleviate the negative emotion associated with guilt and sympathy. Apart from that, when people feel guilty, they have probably done something wrong and regret for their actions. For instance, students have cheated in an examination. Their self-images are broken due to the negative behaviors performed. They understand that their behaviors are unacceptable and they do not want to be perceived as bad. In order to restore the self-image in others’ eye, people will perform more pro-social behaviors. This is to prove that they are still the good guy. It seems to be upsetting that if humanity performs a helping behavior just for reforming their own self-image rather than from a genuine feeling of guilt in helping others. Fortunately, it is not the case. Research suggests that unwitnessed transgression causes the same amount of donation as witnessed transgression. Therefore, it is acceptable to conclude that people perform altruistic act are at least partly caused by the feeling of guilt but not a need to repair their own self-image in others’ eye. Undoubtedly, there is a use for these findings. Since many charitable organizations know very well the psychology of human, many of the fund-raising activities we can see in daily lives make use of people’s empathy. It is common to see volunteers showing photos of the needy in the less-developed countries persuading pedestrians to donate money to them. Guilty may arises as people may recall they have wasted a lot of resources and sympathy may arises as living conditions in those less-developed countries are really poor. With the arousal of these negative emotions, people may therefore engage in altruism. It is true that one’s personality largely determines the likeliness in performing helping behaviors. Yet, our willingness in performing these behaviors also depends on the emotional states at that moment. The experiment done by professor, Jean Decety, proves that the feeling of guilt and sympathy can definitely facilitate altruistic behaviors. As a result, organizations may make use of this psychology as we know that even the meanest person may have the experience in helping others provided that they are at the right emotional state. How to cite Emotion and Stress – Does Guilt and Sympathy Affect Helping Behavior?, Papers

Briefings on Employability Management Planning

Question: Discuss about the Briefings on Employability for Management Planning. Answer: This summative statement will be examining and evaluating session planning, teaching methods, resources, assessment and evaluation strategies which correspond to the teaching file. All my documented teaching within the file took place at Glyndwr University were a taught two different subjects at different levels. Planning Having taught two very different subjects I felt fairly unfortunate to not have as much control over the content being taught in both subjects. However although I was restricted, I found that the required content was always over before the session finished. As a result, I explored other ways to plan my session utilising this unallocated time. Using the time I would attempt various activities and plan to embed employability skills which meet the module requirements. Planning for computer systems The first subject I taught was the computer systems module (level 4) which I taught to two groups. Having started the module towards the closing stages, the students were preparing for an end of module exam. As a result, the module teacher gave me numerous test papers to prepare the students for their exams. Having been given all the material I only had control on how I was to deliver it. I then started to plan and explore a variety of ways of delivering the session and began to visualise how I could assess each student (Chellapan and van der Meer 2015). I also considered and attempted to experiment whether the session should be social and promote peer learning or be quiet and reclusive like most practice exams (Tillman, Dorminey, Hartman, Williams-Johnson and Bodur 2014) I believe it is important for teachers to get to know their students. However, teaching two different groups so close to the end of module I didnt get the chance to know them all as well as I wanted to. In addition, preparation to teaching was made slightly more difficult as I did not have the opportunity to assess the student profiles and learn about their abilities. Planning for contemporary Issues The second subject I taught was the contemporary issues module (level 3). Fortunately I took over this module in the early stages so getting to know my students was achievable. However, I was restricted as a huge proportion of the sessions were taken up by a pre recorded panopto lecture, which I had no real control over (Cilesiz 2015). Nevertheless, the remainder of the sessions promoted social learning and embedding employability skills by allowing all learners the opportunity to contribute as much as they please in a group activities and discussion. Not having the opportunity to assess the student profiles and learn about their abilities, in preparation to teaching, made my preparation a slightly more difficult. Faraday et al. (2011) mentioned that teachers wanting to teach effectively needs to be mindful of differentiation. As a result, I had to attempt various learning activities to see whether the activity was suitable for their level, certifying if the activities were differentiated to allow all students to progress and achieve. Although I did not have access the student profiles I found the journey of overcoming this obstacle incredibly rewarding and beneficial to have encountered this in the early stages of teaching (Kolb 2014). Teaching methods My teaching would be best expressed as both cognitive and social-constructivist approach. My session starts off with a highly social activity to actively engage the students from the offset (Roehl, Reddy and Shannon 2013). These activities are either used to recap from a previous lecture (Computer Systems) or to assess prior learning through a series of activities such as think, pair and share to encourage the learners to be active in their own learning (Contemporary Issues). Each session for both modules concludes with a tutor-led discussion on the topic. This scaffolding approach promotes employability skills and enriches knowledge through sharing with peers that understand more than others (Vygotsky, 1978). Occasionally as some point in the session students have known to become passive, to avoid this I would reflect on Maslows hierarchy of needs and propose breaks or even offer rewards to increase participation. I also applied this on several occasions even when the students were engaging. I found that by following Maslows hierarchy of needs with the students I gained further respect and the students participated more throughout the session (Brophy 2013). Resources Not all students learn in the same way so using a range of resources can improve a session dramatically (O'Malley 2012). Although I didnt have control of much of the material, I still would have used cognitive approach such as PowerPoint presentations to deliver part of my session for those learners who learn better through visual aids as well as discussions for those auditory learners. I also encourage the students to use technology to carry out the activities to appeal to kinaesthetic learners. When thinking up activities I avoided handouts that the students needed to fill in as I felt the students would only copy off each other and not benefit from the session. Strangely I found most of the students to be much older than myself and yet somehow hadnt adopted employability skills through gaining life experience (Maxwell, Irwin and Bennett 2015). As a result, I made the session highly social as I felt students would contribute more using this method and their social skills and confidence would grow throughout the module. I also used a scaffolding technique by providing handouts with some key questions for students to use during the activities. Assessing students It is imperative to carrying some form of assessment throughout the session to assess if all the sessions learning outcomes are being met. Grade marking should not be the only way of assess students, therefore formative assessments should be carried out to ensure each students process of learning (Group, 2002). Within my teaching file, I have used a various ways of formatively assessing students to ensure that they fulfil the learning outcomes identified at the beginning of each session. I also became more vigilant for key characteristics of learning difficulties through formative assessment exploring each students reading, writing, attention, behaviour and socialisation skills within every activity (Brown, Bull and Pendlebury 2013). At first I struggled to identify these learning disabilities among the students. However, I eventually I attended a lecture on disability awareness and disability support I became more aware of each students ability and identify learning disability much more easily through formative assessments. An example of assessing students was when I carried out a highly social group activity to the contemporary issues students. These activities gave students the chance to research and discuss their main findings and issues being reported on the news at the moment. Once they had spent enough time researching and analysing news stories, each group then shared their main finding to the class (Booth, 2004; Riebe et al., 2010). As a result the group activity gave me the time to assess students by Socratic questioning (Walsh and Sattes, 2011). However I didnt go too in-depth with my questioning to avoid them from being discouraged from participation. I also found that the two hour contemporary issues workshop after the session had a humanist approach and helped to discuss the strengths and areas of development for each student who attended these sessions. I also spent time with certain students when they wanted to confide any issues or concerns. Although these workshops were optional I found that students would turn up to these sessions to identify and overcome their personal goals. Some reference to these can be seen in when evaluating the contemporary issues sessions. Evaluating sessions Through teacher training I have established that evaluating each session is as equally as important as teaching. I found that through post session reflection I could implement changes if needed in the next session. Although I have only been observed four times to date (*2 tutor and *2 mentor), and those observations are within such a small timeframe. I have still learnt so much from feedback which will help me develop as a teacher. In addition, once I got to know my students I also asked them for feedback after each lesson to get as much feedback as I can while I can. I took any feedback as constructive criticism and told the students to be as honest as they can and I wouldnt take it personally. This approached worked fairly well and I shown much appreciation for their feedback (Cowan and George 2013). However I wouldnt use this approach until you know your learners well enough or get offended easily. Conclusion I never considered that I would be teaching a subject not in my subject area (contemporary issues). However, discovering that the students were studying ICT and they had no real interest in the subject. I explored ways of incorporating ICT into the subject. For example, for the obesity session I proposed that the students were to carry out a think, pair and share activity. They used prior knowledge in emerging topics such big data, advances in autonomous robotics and IOT which allowed each student to independently determine what they thought the future of the human race if current obesity trends continue (Beard, 2010). Embedding ICT in the subject got the students more motivated and engaging. In addition to this, I have also learnt that I could teach other subjects areas not related to my subject area. In addition, activities like think, pair and share give students to chance to analyse independently as their own pace (King and Lawley, 2013). For a number of the contemporary issues sessions I found I also had to additional background research into the subject opposed to the computer systems module were I already had the prior knowledge. Having done this gradually gave me confidence to gather knowledge in such a small time frame and be able to confidentially delver a session. Overall my teaching methods have developed and improved. Initially I believed that my sessions would be more tutor-led. However, through taking on two different subjects I adopted a more student centred approach which I honestly prefer over my initial opinions towards teaching. I have also learnt that ponopto PowerPoints should not be used, and if they are used, limit the time of them as they can seriously put the student in a passive state. As mentioned earlier, evaluating each session is as equally as important as teaching. Initially I had no idea reflecting upon a session could be so beneficial. Following my final observation I will continue to evaluate my sessions to continue my professional development as a teacher. This summative statement has explored diverse array of planning and teaching methods, resources, ways of assessing, evaluating my approaches which can be observed in the teaching file. Reference List Beard, C. (2010). The Experiential Learning Toolkit: Blending Practice with Concepts. London: Kogan Page LTD. Booth, J. (2004), Briefings on Employability 6. Good Learning and Employability: Issue for Higher Education Careers Services and Careers Guidance Practitioners. LTSN:York. Brophy, J.E., 2013.Motivating students to learn. Routledge. Brown, G.A., Bull, J. and Pendlebury, M., 2013.Assessing student learning in higher education. Routledge. Chellapan, L. and van der Meer, J., 2015. Challenges in Implementing the Flipped Classroom Model in Higher Education.Handbook of Research on Active Learning and the Flipped Classroom Model in the Digital Age, p.352. Cilesiz, S., 2015. Undergraduate students experiences with recorded lectures: towards a theory of acculturation.Higher Education,69(3), pp.471-493. Cowan, J. and George, J., 2013.A Handbook of Techniques for Formative Evaluation: Mapping the Students' Learning Experience. Routledge. Faraday, S., Overton, C. and Cooper, S. (2011), Effective Teaching and Learning in Vocational Education. Holborn: LSN. Group, A. R. (2002). Assessment for learning: 10 Principles. Research- based principles to guide classroom practice . King, D. and Lawley, S. (2013), Organizational Behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kolb, D.A., 2014.Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Maxwell, R., Irwin, W. and Bennett, S., 2015, October. When Education met Innovation met Employability: The Birth of Employability Plus. InECEL2015-14th European Conference on e-Learning: ECEl2015(p. 347). Academic Conferences and publishing limited. O'Malley, C. ed., 2012.Computer supported collaborative learning(Vol. 128). Springer Science Business Media Reibe, L., Roepen, D., Santerelli, B. and Marchiovo, G. (2010), Teamwork: Effectively Teaching and Employability Skill. Education and Training. Vol.52. No. 6. pp. 528-539. Roehl, A., Reddy, S.L. and Shannon, G.J., 2013. The flipped classroom: An opportunity to engage millennial students through active learning.Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences,105(2), p.44. Tillman, K., Dorminey, S., Hartman, C., Williams-Johnson, M. and Bodur, Y., 2014. Educational Research as Authentic Preparation for Teaching in Todays Classroom. Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Walsh, J.A. and Sattes, B.D. (2011), Thinking Through Quality Questioning: Deepening Student Engagement. London: Sage Ltd.

Students Burnout A Critical Review

Burnout, and in particular, teen burnout, has become an issue of fundamental concern as it is positively correlated with negative behavior and emotional outcomes, such as substance abuse, alcoholism, emotional breakdown, depression, fatigue and the proliferation of antisocial behavior.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Students Burnout: A Critical Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Perhaps these reasons may have informed the needs of the author of the article â€Å"Teen Burnout can be Hard to Spot† to shed more light on the issue of teen burnout by summarily discussing a research study of 770 Finnish students aimed at analyzing how students entering high school exhibit burnout (Barton para. 2). The topic of teen burnout is of immense importance to educators, parents and other relevant stakeholders, but the author, in my view, has failed to illuminate the topic in a way that could assist all those conce rned, particularly educators, parents and students, to deal with it. Going by the research findings of the Finnish study, the author of this particular article does well to postulate that girls and boys react to school stress in different ways, but he is economical on providing a systematic analysis on these ‘different ways’ he talks about, preferring to use the lame excuse of school pressures as the predominant determinant of teen burnout in school settings. Indeed, the author associates pressures of school life with cynicism and the development of a negative attitude toward society (Barton para 2). While this may be so, the author fails to outline other dynamics that could equally lead male students to develop cynic behavior and a negative attitude toward society. A comprehensive discussion of the recently released Finnish study, in my view, would have included what other research articles have said on the topic of teen burnout. More important, experience demonstrates that teens in high school may experience serious emotional burnout occasioned by minor issues, such as lack of proper time management, lack of interest in the academic discourse, and attitude toward education or instructors.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The inclusion of such information in the article, in my view, could have added important insights into the effective management of teen burnout. The author, it seems, provides some useful information on teen burnout by illuminating a major research finding, which suggests that â€Å"†¦boys experience a strong crisis concerning a sense of disconnectedness† (Barton para. 3). This, in my view, is a good point, but only for professional psychologists, psychiatrists and counselors who understand the concepts of ‘crisis’ and ‘disconnectedness.’ To the average parent or educator in school settings, th ese concepts may be difficult to understand, not mentioning that the author does not make any attempt to expound on the concepts. Personal experience as well available literature demonstrates that a crisis in life does not necessarily lead to a feeling of loss, confusion or disconnectedness; rather, a crisis may lead to the development of a strong and resilient character and behavior depending on the methodologies that are employed to handle the crisis. Consequently, it can be argued that the author of the article has engaged in providing half-baked truths of the issue of interest without taking the initiative not only to evaluate the dynamics of the problem but also the cause-effect paradigms. It is true that a crisis can lead to teen burnout, but equally it can lead to a strong character and reinforced dedication if it is harnessed using the right channels. As such, the author should have spent more time illuminating the channels that may lead a crisis to turn into a serious emoti onal burnout, such as lack of adequate information and lack of support services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Students Burnout: A Critical Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author of the article is at it again by citing a good research finding, which suggests that girls internalize stress hence become susceptible to feelings of inadequacy in school settings, leading to depression (Barton para. 4). Despite citing this important finding, the author fails to make an impact due to her version of providing inadequate information that may be of little or no consequence to the average stakeholder. For instance, the author should have taken time to illuminate the fact that stress is not the same as burnout although both oscillate along the same continuum, and that feelings of inadequacy are more likely to lead to stress than to emotional burnout. Sustained stress is what leads to burnout, and there is a bi g difference between burnout and depression. As it stands, the author of the article insinuates that depression is synonymous with burnout, which is a wrong representation of the facts. We are increasingly depressed by every day life experiences, but that does not automatically translate into the fact that we suffer from emotional burnout. Equally, high school students may experience some form of depression arising from the many academic demands set upon them by their instructors, but this does not necessarily translate into burnout. The original research study found that pressure at school is not always negative, a fact that the author elaborates correctly by citing the researchers’ observation that it is imperative to provide teenagers not only with adequate stimulation to prepare them for the demands of life, but also with the right kind of challenges (Barton para. 6). This assertion, in my view, can greatly assist parents and stakeholders to mould responsible teenagers wi th the right kind of stamina and attitude to withstand and conquer the challenges that may eventually lead to emotional burnout.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, there is inadequacy in argument on the part of the author since she could have mentioned some of the methodologies that could be used to assist teenagers achieve adequate simulation, such as receiving encouragement to think positively, spiritual nourishment, and role-modeling. Additionally, instructors in school settings should be encouraged to provide the students with reasonable assignments and justifiable time-frames. Finally, the author reports findings that â€Å"†¦boys and girls on the more competitive academic track were much more likely to suffer from burnout† (Burton para 7). Equally, it was acknowledged â€Å"†¦that the less demanding vocational track offered a more supportive environment than enhance feeling of competence and relatedness† (Burton para. 7). Although the findings may be correct in their own right, it is generally felt that the author is only engaging in rhetoric since she does not care to provide supporting evidence as well as explain the dynamics behind these associations. The involved stakeholders, in my view, need to be told that competition comes with its consequences, and so does a non-competitive environment. The onus really should be for the stakeholders, particularly students, parents and instructors, to come up with checks and balances that will provide direction to the learning discourses in school settings and ensure that no single approach leads to negative ramifications. For instance, students engaged in competitive class environments may be encouraged to join support groups and the many sports activities available in school so that they have effective channels to vent out their stress and frustrations. This type of information, other than merely describing facts, is what is needed to ensure that students adequately deal with burnout. Works Cited Barton, Adriana. â€Å"Teen Burnout can be Hard to Spot.† Globe and Mail 18 March 2012. Web. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/parentin g/teen-burnout-can-be-hard-to-spot/article554154/ This essay on Students Burnout: A Critical Review was written and submitted by user Artur0 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Catcher in the Rye- Personal Impact essays

Catcher in the Rye- Personal Impact essays This summer, my AP English reading assignment came, and one of the three books assigned was The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, published in 1951. The letter read a book about a prep-school boy tells of the days preceding his admittance to a mental institution, not what I was expecting to read that summer. Since I had never heard of the book, I saved it for last. When I began to read the book, by the first page I could already tell it was not at all like any other book I had read before, especially as a school assignment. I didnt put that book down until I had finished it a few hours later, in the middle of the night. Then I read it again, and again- a total of six times before going to school the first day. The book wasnt a book that in reading I just read and forgot about. I was actually pulled into Holdens mind, thinking like Holden, for a short time, becoming Holden. And in doing so, I learned a new perspective. When in places my own thoughts went along with Holdens, the book helped me realize how well my way of handling some of those thoughts actually was working out, for I wasnt in a mental ward, failing out of school, or walking mindlessly throughout NYC. Also, the differences between our thoughts gave me more realization in seeing how others may be feeling around me, and I could never really tell, because no one could ever realize what pain and trouble were inside Holdens mind. Holden helped me realize that not everyone does what I do, and that not everyone is truly capable of doing what Im doing. In that, I realized that I need my own way to vent, otherwise I may end up just as Holden did. ...

The Idea of a Traditional Musician in Western Culture Essay

The Idea of a Traditional Musician in Western Culture - Essay Example The idea presents us important information that being a traditional musician means bringing exactly the things from the past at present and initiate them how the ancestors would have done them. The case of Krzysztof is an example of how one might bring the old traditions effectively at play even at present and making them alive just as how the people exactly performed them from the past. This means that Krzysztof is the best example of what a traditional musician is. We can observe from his life how he wants the old tradition that he witnessed from his grandfather to stay at work at present as it was from the past. This probably will bring us another idea that Krzysztof has exactly a great affinity for traditional music that his grandfather introduced to him when he was younger. To become a traditional musician is therefore important because as already stated, it allows the traditions to stay alive at present. 2. Why is Ganga singing important to Bosnia/Herzegovina? Why it is still p racticed? (4 points) There is a strong socio-cultural implication linked to Ganga singing among Bosnia/Herzegovina for it presents the status of friendship in the society and including the associated privilege given to men over women. For example, it is known that boys or men are free to sing Ganga with different groups or singers from other villages, while girls or women will have it exclusive among themselves who have close friendship right from their childhood days and until they get married (Tipton 174). In other words, Ganga singing is a cultural heritage and a significant part of the Bosnian/Herzegovina socialization that eventually defines their actual culture, which is a clear reason why it is still practiced at present. Ganga singing, therefore, depicts the status of men and women in society and potentially illustrates the mark of friendship among individuals. This is another reason why it is still alive at present, as we all know that friendship is a fundamental component of one’s life story or journey from childhood and even at the individual’s coming to maturity of age. 3. Why do you suppose that the communist government banned jazz? What elements of jazz are similar to the music of the Turks and Romani? Why do you suppose the Balkanski Dzhaz was worth the risks that the musicians took to perform it? (8 points) Jazz combines complex and varied thoughts, which people recognize as significant components of technique as a way of forming music (Tipton 117). For this reason, there are many reasons to use jazz simply as a way of conveying varied feelings and emotional appeal. Black Americans have formed jazz as a way of providing an outlet for various issues they are facing in society. For this reason, it is easy for them to express themselves with this form of entertainment, which at the bottom line is not only to entertain but to present a remarkable message that could spark varied feelings and emotional appeal. In the US, jazz could be a form of music that has an underlying message of rebellion, as especially common among young people who definitely have the underlying thoughts that most probably they could effectively express through this music style.  

Language Learning, Bilingualism and Assimilation Research Paper

Language Learning, Bilingualism and Assimilation - Research Paper Example One of the major factors that has seen the growth of multilingualism, is the ease of access to information as made possible by the establishment and growing use of the Internet. Indeed people are today getting more exposed to a variety of languages which has in essenc also triggered the need to learn new languages. Some quarters have argued that the learning of second languages has is associated with assimilation. This paper will argue that the learning of a second language is not necessarily part of assimilation. In spite of the potential differences in meaning of the terms bilingual and multilingual and their derivatives, this paper will use the two interchangeably. Every human society or culture communicates to a large extent through spoken word. What this means that language has played and continues to play a major role in communication. One may wonder how much backward the world would be without language. Arguably, the world would have developed faster if all humans used the sam e language to communicate. Although this is not the case, it is evident that humans are trying to overcome communication barriers by learning new languages and cultures. Bilingualism has beome a ommon phenomenon with many countries introducing foreign languages in school curricular. The spoken or written word is today more appreciated that ever before especilly considering the effects of successful and unsuccessful negotiations. Indeed, the power of language and word is beyond desription. Multilingualism The definition of the term multilingual is subject to much debate. While some scholars argue that a multilingual person is one who can passively or actively ommunicate in a language different from their first language. Others however argue that a multilingual person must acquire a first language during childhood through formal education (Kaplan 12). There are cases where a person learns two languages simulteneously which essentially makes one a simulteneous bilingual. Yet again, oth er sholars argue that a multilingual speaker is one who can accurately communicate in a second language almost as much as they an speak in their native language or mother tongue. People learn different languages in different ways according to Wolff (11). While some may acquire a new language during childhood by interacting with people who speak the second language, others learn by attending formal education (The Linguistic Society of America 2). A child may learn to speak two languages if both their parents speak different languages or if their signifiant others consistently communicate with them in the second language. In the United States of America, for example, most bilingual people are either immigrants or hildren of immigrants as noted by Richard and Victor (67). It is common to find an American child speaking English while in school and their mother tongue when at home. This also applies to other countries. While people can also learn a new language in old age, it is a fact t hat it becomes more difficult to acquire the new language as much as a native speaker as age progresses. The learning of a new language depends to some extent on the similarity between the two languages. Languages that are cloely related or that have similar syntax are easier to learn compared to their counterparts. Yet again, second language learning depends to a great extent on the urrent knowledge and previous experience of the learner in relation to the new language. Advantages and Disadvantages of Multilingualism Although many people

LAND LAW SUMMATIVE ASSIGNMENT DECEMBER 2012 Essay

LAND LAW SUMMATIVE ASSIGNMENT DECEMBER 2012 - Essay Example However, the privileges of a recipient under a trust exist given that Thirty years ago Susan paid the original deposit on the house from her own savings. The rights of a beneficiary under a trust are created formally or arises informally either by a covenant between the couple or following a financial contribution made by Susan to the cost of improving or buying the farm. A legal interest, which is binding or overriding in the case is the rights of occupation. Susan does not jointly own the farm with Edward, but has a statutory rights of occupation referred to as home rights, which arise in cases of a civil or marriage partnership. The case of Susan actual occupation being overriding in expressed in the case Williams and Glyn’s Bank Ltd v Boland [1981] AC 487.1 (ii) Considering the fact that Edward has granted Jayasuriya a right to exclusive occupation of a cottage on the farm by deed for seven years period, Jayasuriya holds leasehold of the farm by deed. This implies that Jay asuriya has a right in the property that may be enforceable. A lease can be provided for a fixed term such as seven years, which is the case of Jayasuriya, it may be periodic tenancy running from a single period to another until one party ends the lease by providing the other party with a notice of its termination. The possibility of the exclusive occupation right by deed may bind Adams given that he never knew the arrangement between Jayasuriya and Edward. The nature of this right is an equitable right. The equitable right will remain binding if the buyer has notice of the existence or presence of the right, the right has not been overreached, and the buyer is not a bona fide buyer for value of the legal farm without notice. 2 However, it is recommended that the mirror principle be applied, which outlines the interests attached to the land. This could have been very valuable for Adam prior to purchasing of the farm from Edward. (iii) A possibility exists that Gunawansa, Edward Mull et’s neighbor may posses similar right to an easement. The easement need to accommodate the dominant tenement. This implies that it must posses some direct beneficial impact or influence on the dominant land. In order for an easement to contain the overriding land it is not fundamental that the servient and dominant land be near or adjacent to each other, even though they need to be sufficiently near each other for the easement to be of direct benefit to the dominant or principal land. Pugh v Savage [1970]2, a â€Å"right of way† existed over a single field in order to get to the other, but a third field also lay between the dominant and servient fields. The right of way was regarded or held as a valid easement.3 Section 1(2) of the LPA 1925 has a provision, which states that, the only charges or interest in or over land that is capable of subsisting or of being created or conveyed at law is an easement, right, privilege in or over land for an interest that is equivale nt to an estate or farm in fee simple absolute in possessions or a term of absolute years. (iv) In legal terms, the occupation of the attic room in the main farmhouse by Maria appears to be a licensee implying that she is on the property of her father with the license or permission and thus not a trespasser. A family arrangement or plan of this nature

The Cinematic Spectator

The Cinematic Spectator The cinematic spectator Both Hugo Munsterberg and Rudolf Arnheim took particular interest in the cinematic spectator and how the moving pictures on the screen affected them. Through close psychological analysis and the formulation of processes, each had their own take on the spectators engagement in the cinematic experience. Through close analysis we can get an insight and clearer understanding of why people are drawn to motion pictures and what happens to them when they arrive. Munsterberg describes viewing as an aesthetic experience while Arnheim deems it an unreal experience. This aesthetic experience Munsterberg acknowledges is where the film is a detachment or isolation from our daily routine and real time and reality are left behind, an experience that is entirely self contained (Andrew, 26). This experience begins when the picture does as slowly the spectator is disengaged from their reality and engaging with the reality on the screen. They are content in perceiving everything during that moment, isolated from all outer surroundings. This experience, according to Munsterberg, is attained through ones mind and this was the foundation for his conclusions. Based in Gestalt psychology, Munsterberg saw the mind composed as several levels where the higher were dependent on the operation and functionality of the lower. When each level was engaged, the spectator could fully engage with the picture by resolving what Munsterberg referred to as undistinguished stimuli, subconscious renderings that are summoned while viewing the work, creating a world which one could relate emotionally to the events and objects. The spectators mind, according to Munsterberg, then creates an internal object through a phi-phenomenon where emphasis is placed on the active powers of the spectator giving the film fluidity by bringing the mind to a state of full engagement and contentment, mentally held in a state of rapt attention. Munsterberg writes we do not see objective reality but a product of our own mind which binds the pictures together (The Means of the Photoplay, 411-412) which is accomplished through the means of what Munsterberg deemed photoplay. Photopl ay tells the story of the outside world through the manipulation of events to the forms of the world on the screen. This is accomplished by taking the outer space, time, and causality and adjusting the inners attention, memory, imagination and emotion. He sees the spectator as one who undergoes a psychological connection with the moving images presented on the screen and draws rational relations to them through their own personal experiences. Rudolph Arnheim sees the spectator as an active viewer who pays attention to the films form. He feels the meaning is a pattern rather than individual stimuli and shifts the focus away from the psychological side, Munsterbergs main basis, and shifts the focus to the material itself, the happenings of the film. This material Arnheim claims must be all factors which make it a less than perfect illusion of reality (Andrew, 28). This unreality takes on all aspects of the medium by manipulating the film elements such as projection, reduction, lighting, color, framing and editing. The artist controls and manipulates these elements for their own expression in trying to tell the story and to keep the viewer interested in what is presented on the screen. These aspects also make up the fabric of what Arnheim deemed film art. Arnheim says film art is based on the manipulation of the technically visible, not the humanly visual (Andrew, 29) meaning the elements and technical aspects used to create the medium must be manipulated in a way which tap into human emotions, experiences and surroundings. Trying to present these elements, however, did not come without limitations, which challenged the artists and their limits of expression. When all of the elements were presented in cohesion, Arnheim said the viewer underwent a transformation. This is shown clearly in Charlie Chaplins 1936 film Modern Times where the viewer is able to fully engage with the main character as he gracefully fumbles through his work day around the factory. We are transformed from our everyday lives into this comedic wonderland and are left wanting more. During the 1920s and 30s, spectators along with the artists were still adapting to this developing medium. Portraying and projecting posed a challenge for the filmmakers as to how they were going to take a 3D image to 2 dimensional and still be able to express themselves artistically. Arnheims take was art begins where mechanical reproduction leaves off, where the conditions of reproductions serve in some way to mold the object. And the spectator shows himself to be lacking in proper aesthetic appreciation when he is satisfied to see the picture as purely objective (PP, 1933 edition, 68-69). Since the images constantly moving and portraying body language, facial expressions and interacting with other things, the viewer must be active and engaged, not just observing the film for its images. Our eyes work with our other senses which allow us to experience the medium itself while we become lost in the illusion on the screen. These are the means by which Arnheim said the spectator can tr eat the film as such rather than reality. There are many reasons people were and still are drawn to motion pictures. We are mesmerized by the stories, images and meanings. The cinematic experience is of both mind and body. We draw from our life experiences, memories and knowledge and are transcended into another world. The experience heightens the senses; it can make you laugh or cry, leave you happy or sad. The images and thoughts from our own minds are activated and we relate to them passing on the screen. We live vicariously through the character(s) for that moment in time, we are detached from reality, emotionally attached, transcended from our daily routines.

Preventing Child Abuse Essay -- Violence Against Children

Child abuse is a phenomenon in today’s society. Many people have been victims and although it has been taken into consideration, more surveillance should be taking place. There are three types of abuse that ruin the life of a child: physical, emotional, and sexual. However, focusing on domestic violence, a child will be affected by physical and emotional abuse. The problem is that some parents may not even consider how it affects their child in public places. When a child has been abused, how long does it affect him or her into adulthood? Though there are different ways to discipline, a parent can choose from a variety of rewards to reinforce good behavior; furthermore, a trusted committee should organize ongoing parenting classes to help parents to control their temper. What are the other consequences of abuse? Parents who abuse their kids were abused and had a poor upbringing. Nowadays with technology and researches found, they could help change and also teach their kids to avoid the same mistakes when they grow up. As the child grows, parents can set limits instead of violence. Fact is that when kids behave out of the normal, it is not to make parents angry but because they are in need of attention. We all know that parents’ the first reaction is to lose it, so instead of punching, parents can try time outs until the child comprehends why he or she is being punished. It is also a matter of good training in junior high. Kids are always trying to act bigger than their shoe size. A method that could help both the parents and the teen is the motivated reward. By doing this, the child makes better decision, because if the parent knows what motivates a child, that could help the child behave differently in order to get what he or sh... ...uld have done about it. Children who have a second shot at a loving upbringing have the capacity to change the world where they will know how to say â€Å"no† to abuse. They will also be able to talk to their own children about abusive moments and what they should do reacting to that moment. They will know that abusers could be anyone and that is important to tell a trusted friend if someone abuses them. Works Cited Barnard-Thompson, Kathleen, and Pierre Leichner. â€Å"Psychiatric Residents’ Views on their Training and Experience Regarding Issues Related to Child Abuse. â€Å" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 44 (Oct 1999): 6-9 Kliest, George A. â€Å"Research on Long-term Effects of Child Abuse.† Family Journal 7 (Apr 1999): 154-163. Galileo. 11 Nov 2001 http://www.preventchildabuse.org/publications/parents/index.shtml Conversation with Professor McDonald. (Dec 18. 2009)

Multi-Disciplinary

Effects of Multi-Disciplinary Approaches There are various ways to approach and solve problems. Such approaches include multi-disciplinary perspectives and strictly disciplinary perspectives. To effectively solve a problem a person should gather an array of information from a series of different sources. When a person takes this approach towards a certain problem or situation, they are taking a multi-disciplinary approach. As defined in the Webster’s American Dictionary: College Edition, multidisciplinary is the â€Å"combining of several specialized branches of learning or fields of expertise† (Multidisciplinary 526).However, if one choses to â€Å"relate to a specific field of study† versus a variety of fields, they are taking a strictly disciplinary approach when resolving a certain situation or issue (Disciplinary 228). There are advantages and disadvantages to both a multidisciplinary approach and a disciplinary approach however one may find a multidisciplin ary approach to be more efficient. Advantages to a multi-disciplinary approach include being able to apply different aspects to a certain situation as well as weighing the pros and cons.When a person has a decision to make, they have a solution that they think is best for that decision. If multiple people add their insights to help make the decision, a better solution is made. By adding different aspects to a certain problem or issue, a better solution is resulted. Also, through a multi-disciplinary approach, a person is able to obtain ideas that have worked for people in the past and ideas that have not been successful to evaluate the best solution to a problem.A disadvantage to multi-disciplinary approaches is that with more aspects presented, it could take more time to reach a conclusion due to some people disagreeing with others. Nonetheless, a solution is usually eventually reached where most parties are satisfied. With certain societal problems, multi-disciplinary approaches o ften lead to better solutions. When there is a problem in society, society has to come up with a solution that will benefit everybody, not just a select few.If society used a strictly disciplinary approach to these problems, not everyone would be satisfied leading to other problems within society. By taking a multi-disciplinary approach to these societal problems, society has the chance to cater and please a greater amount of people. Taking a multi-disciplinary approach can lead to better solutions with a greater amount of people pleased but society cannot please everyone. Although a multi-disciplinary approach to societal problems is not the ultimate solution, it still has a better effect than a strictly disciplinary approach.When a person takes a multi-disciplinary approach, they are getting feedback and information from a variety of different sources. If many different aspects are presented in a situation, it allows someone to gather information and then decide what points they w ill use in their situation. For example when deciding what was important to make New Orleans an excellent city, our First Year Experience class researched different fields of study and components of a city to answer the question of what was necessary for New Orleans to strive.By taking parts of all the different fields of study including the arts, government, education and sports, and applying them to New Orleans, an excellent city with variation could be made. However, if New Orleans only focused on one field of study, the city would not have any variation. Although multi-disciplinary approaches usually result in better solutions than strictly disciplinary approaches, difficulties still arise with multi-disciplinary approaches. For example with more than one source being contributed to a situation, little problems could arise with not everyone agreeing with a conclusion.Also, when making a multi-disciplinary decision, one has to decide what aspects to use from others, making it lon ger to obtain a solution. Not all aspects presented in a multi-disciplinary approach are applicable to the solution that is being made as well. In a disciplinary approach, a person can make a decision quickly and easily but they lack the insight from others. For instance if a doctor needed help making a decision about what medicine to prescribe for their patient, he would not consult someone who is not educated to do so, but instead make the decision on his own because he is trained to.In this situation, a disciplinary approach may be the better option. Overall the advantages of a multi-disciplinary approach outweigh the disadvantages. Being able to obtain outside sources to solve a problem presents more information to make a better and more adequate solution to problems. A strictly disciplinary approach is still a good approach to certain issues but it does not always provide the best answer to the issue.Even though there are obstacles when making a multi-disciplinary decision such as time and not all parties agreeing, a solution is eventually made to benefit all parties and to resolve a problem. Without multi-disciplinary approaches in society and everyday life, we would not be able to get outside information to make better life choices and decisions.Works Cited â€Å"Disciplinary. † Def. Webster’s American Dictionary. College Edition. 1997. Print. â€Å"Multidisciplinary. † Def. Webster’s American Dictionary. College Edition. 1997. Print.

Good to a Fault by Marina Endicott Essay

Take a moment and imagine a family of six traveling from city to city in order to survive, their only home, a car. Suddenly as their driving along a women speeds into them crashing, and wrecking their home. They are all then taken to a hospital, where the family discovers that the mother has progressive cancer in her lymph nodes. After this discovery, the father decides to skip town leaving his wife, three young children and elderly mother homeless. Good to a Fault by Marina Endicott is an exceptional novel. Endicott won the Commonwealth Writer’s Prize for Best book in Canada and the Caribbean for Good to a Fault. Why might you ask? Each character is so extraordinarily developed and so well described it feels as if you know them yourself. Their emotions, thoughts and actions are so personal that at the end of the novel Endicott has created a wonderful and realistic person. Their conflicts are so profound, that they are crippling to the characters that suffer under them. And a theme that so important that the book is named after it. Like most novels Good To A Fault has a variety characters with an array of personalities, thoughts and behaviors. What sets it aside from others, is the vivid characterization of not only the fundamental characters of the story, but even the characters that are only introduced once. The rotation of perspectives gives the novel a whole new view on each character’s true personality and on the conflicts they face. As Mary Jo Murphy from the New York Times said, â€Å"it’s the quieter introspective dramas, provided by Endicott’s skillful rotation among the characters’ points of view, that hold your attention.† Each character’s thoughts are described by the author in exact correspondence with their personalities. For example; Paul, who is a pastor, often indirectly makes allusions to faith. Like when he and Darwin are fixing up Clara’s basement Paul says, â€Å"Today is a time for rejuvenation â€Å"pg.153 or when he is speaking to Clara about her generosity towards the Gage’s he says â€Å"You sacrificed yourself for others† pg.329 Through this, Endicott solidifies Paul’s personality, tying him to his religion. Making Paul a symbol of Christianity which brings into question the faith of many characters. Allowing the reader to experience the many sides of faith. Apart from that , appearance and reputation help to build complete characters. Take the protagonist Clara , Paul describes her as â€Å"†¦single, childless of course, took care with her appearance, fortyish, Christian, and not in good spirits for some time since her mothers death.† pg.26. This information helps develop a rounded character. It isn’t enough just to say that Clara is a nice person, so that is why she takes care of the Gage family. The author uses her faith, age and relationship status to give reason for her generous actions. It helps the reader gain a better understanding of Clara’s personality, and accordingly builds a relationship between the reader and the protagonist. Above all things what sets this book aside from any other is the conflicts. Unlike most books the conflict of this story introduces itself in the very first paragraph, â€Å"The other car came from nowhere, speeding through on the yellow, going so fast it was almost safely past when Clara’s car caught it.†pg. 7. Because of this you would think that there would be no rising action, no excitement and no great lesson for the protagonist to learn, but you would be wrong. This conflict originally appears as if it will have the most impact, but it does not. In fact it stems off into several other conflicts that characters struggle with individually, and as a group. For instance, Lorraine’s diagnosis with cancer. This leads to her husband, Clayton, struggling to find his family a safe home, which he fails to do on his own. This leaves him bitter because instead of him finding a solution through hard work, he is left to stay with the very women who put them in the situation, Clara. As he says when confronting Clara at the hospital, â€Å"Hard on you? Hard to sit and watch the results of what you did?†pg23. He decides to deal with this by leaving the family. His actions burden Clara with the care of the family he left behind. Leading to Clara’s guilt of driving the children’s father away and leaving the mother all alone. Ultimately she struggles with the idea that she cares for the Gage family either out of guilt or to fill the empty spaces not only in her spare rooms, but in her life. It only took Endicott one simple incident to create a million other problems throughout the novel. Each conflict faced, allows the reader to understand more about each character’s role in the story. Finally molding the novel into the theme. The theme I took from this novel was ; personal satisfaction of goodwill is the only payment for charity,for if it’s not, the deeds bring no true meaning. However when I contacted Marina Endicott on twitter she described the theme as follows; â€Å"How the debt of charity is redeemed; Love your neighbour as yourself.† After Clara divorces her husband, she is left wounded by their short, detached marriage. Her parents then become ill and she must care for them. But soon they both die leaving Clara alone with all their possessions and burdens. When Clara opens up her home to the Gage family and a friend’s daughter, she must decide whether her actions are truly pure and for others benefit, or greedy and only being used to fill the void left by her parents and husband. So she questions herself, â€Å"I see what they need, but I am unwilling to help.†pg 25 When Clara takes in the Gage family she originally believes she is doing it to make up for the car accident she caused. As the visit becomes longer Clara grows more and more attached to the family as she brings them into her life. Caring for them soon becomes less of an obligation, and more of a desire as she grows to truly love the Gage’s like they were her own. She becomes so attached that she does not wish that they leave her home, and when they do she is deeply angered. â€Å"She did not want anything, except Pearce back, and Dolly, and Trevor; except the life she had left this afternoon, to run over and help Lorraine- to help her again!†pg.327 .This theme is a great topic that adds depth the novel. The whole story Clara is faced with deciding whether what she does is out of loneliness or out of good will. It is a topic that we should all consider when we decide to do something charitable. And yet another reason why I believe this is a wonderful piece of litterature. Ultimately this book incorporates everything that makes a good, memorable novel . It’s realistic, likeable and relatable characters keep the reader the attached to the story. These characters face conflicts that challenge them physically and emotional but lead them to fulfilling rewards. Finally these elements are all summed up to create a concrete theme of charity versus selfishness, a topic rarely touched on in our society. These elements of the novel piece the story together as a whole and make it strong enough to last the test of time. This is a great novel.

Entitled The Effects of the Gilded Age.

Entitled The Effects of the Gilded Age. The term "Gilded Age" refers to the post-Reconstruction era in the late 1800's. The phrase originally began with Mark Twain. Gilded means "covered with a thin layer of gold," and so the Gilded Age implied that while this time period seemed to be a prosperous one for America, only a thin layer of prosperity covered the poverty and corruption of the time period. While many labels have been used to describe the time period, the "Gilded Age" is the most accurate when describing the time period.The largest economic issue concerning in the Gilded Age was determining the Federal government's role in the business sector of America. In the late 1800's, businesses operated for the most part without government regulation. This hands-off approach to economic matters is known as "Laissez-fare," and holds that government should play a very limited role in business. This was the predominant economic theory in the late 1800's, but it quickly acquired opposing factions.English: Political cartoon crea ted for the cover o...Supporters of this strategy maintained that if government does not interfere, the strongest businesses would succeed and bring wealth to the nation as a whole. Opponents of this theory proclaimed that if government did not regulate the business sector, it would become corrupt.The strongest political issue of this time involved the spoils system, in which elected officials appointed friends and supporters to government jobs, regardless of their qualifications. Politicians liked the spoils system because it ensured them a loyal group of supporters in future elections. However, government as a result was filled with unqualified, dishonest employees. This issue was made pertinent during the brief Garfield administration. Garfield was elected primarily through Stalwart Republicans, the faction of the Republican Party that was a strong advocate for the spoils system. A man named Charles Guiteau, who was a strong supporter of the...

Pros and cons of fast food Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pros and cons of fast food - Thesis Example Some of them think fast food is a new tobacco, almost a plague for it brings the decline of public health and has harmful effect on new generation. On the other hand, there are also points of view that fast food is in some way a cure-all for the economic problems, such as poverty and high level of unemployment. In other words, the society has not reached a compromise yet due to the fact that the parts consider the matter from the different angles, such as public health and economic well-being. One of the advantages of fast food is that it is rather cheap, especially ifto compare it with other facilities, which perform that sort of function. It is not a secret that fast food chains try to reach as bigger audience as possible and, consequently, increase the profits by means of competing in prices with their business rivals (Spurlock). As a result, all of the existing food chains set up prices that appear to be more accessible than the cost of healthy food at markets or prices at restaurants. For a great number of people, who sometimes live on the brink of survival (as it goes from the money they earn), fast food is a great way to have meals regularly. In other words, people do not choose between eating healthy food and junk food. They rather choose between the prices for these types of food. Overall, it is a question of money and being limited to products one can buy. In this regard, fast food is an alternative to far more expensive fresh meat, fish, vegetables and the way to save money. In addition to this, fast food industry has a positive influence on the employment trends and the state of economy as a whole. As the example of the father of fast food industry, J. R. Simplot, shows, fast food can actually invade the whole world. At the very first stages, Simplot’s company had about a hundred of workers and only in two years of operation the number of people increased to twelve hundred (Schlosser). The same works for McDonald’s. In

Lswee9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lswee9 - Essay Example Nothing speaks for itself’ (Thorpe and Holt, 2008: p. 184). It can be anticipated that any researcher will have preconceived ideas about the area of study. This preconception will be founded upon the knowledge gained before actually commencing the research when interacting with others concerned. In my case, I am part of the company. The preconceptions held are going, in some way, going to have an influence both upon the way the research is conducted and could perhaps influence the results obtained. This occurs because it is the researcher who interprets the data, whether this be from his observations, the text of interviews, or from documents obtained from participants. When the researcher reflects upon the preconceptions he might have towards the subject of study and the participants involved, he must also reflect upon how his own characteristics will have an effect upon the data he collected. Hertz (1997: p. 8) stated that reflexivity allows the researcher to realise where he is in relation to the research undertaken , and so is able to minimise the effect he, and his personal ideas and knowledge has upon the research undertaken. When undertaking qualitative research it can be difficult for the researcher to operate in a detached way as they are required to interact personally with the respondents. Reflexive research is able to take this involvement of the researcher into account (Thorpe and Holt, 2008: p. 184). The writers are able to discuss this topic within reflexivity which is where methodological, discussing the proximity of the researchers to the matter under discussion. It is shown that the researcher need to be aware of this closeness and so be aware of the need to be professional and keep their distance so that the process of data collection and its outcomes is influenced in the most minimal way possible and not compromised. Johnson and Duberly (2000: p. 191) discuss

Are pheumatic tourniquets necesary for optium beneficts from knee Essay

Are pheumatic tourniquets necesary for optium beneficts from knee surgery - Essay Example s shown less drastically adverse results with working in conditions of limited blood loss being the most obvious benefit but with numerous disadvantages (Tang, Olesnicky & Heiskell 2013, p. 32). On the other hand, modern day knee surgery, employing pneumatic tourniquets in more than one million surgical cases in North America alone per year, is prone to risks presented by intra-operative and post-operative complications as well as operation-specific complications. Several studies have identified the pneumatic tourniquet as a significant factor for the increased risk of complications with regards to knee surgery (Krushell & Fingeroth 2007, p. 78). Although there are some advantages such as confining anaesthetics to an extremity, the most common risks are in the form of nerve injury, post-tourniquet syndrome, blood clots, infections and osteolysis (Walsh 2006, p. 711). Because of the risks that patients are exposed to during the use of pneumatic tourniquets in knee surgery, this paper will argue in support that pneumatic tourniquets are not necessary for optimum benefits from knee surgery by discussing their complications. The use of tourniquets, even the older, non-pneumatic versions, has been riddled with complications, sometimes fatal ones (Shemshaki, Laripiur & Jalalian 2010, p 683). Pneumatic tourniquets are used in knee surgery to primarily occlude the flow of blood in an extremity so as to establish a bloodless field in which surgery may be conducted. However, their increased use is also accompanied by the growing risk of incidents related to complications with pronounced physiological changes such as the base-acid imbalance caused by the application of pneumatic tourniquets and may result in pulmonary oedema. The physiological changes also induce transendothelial movement of polymorphonuclears. Most of the injuries that result from the application of pneumatic tourniquets are often pressure-related but may also be consequences of prolonged tourniquet time

Persuasive- Pro Gay Marriage Essay Example for Free

Persuasive- Pro Gay Marriage Essay The legalization of same-sex marriage benefits both LGBT people and America as a nation. As states progressively begin to legalize same-sex marriage, it’s a convenient time to refocus attention on the many advantages associated with the pursuit and achievement of marriage equality. If same-sex marriages are legalized in Texas, not only will it benefit the state but also it will promote equality and non-discrimination in society, provide economic and business opportunities, and strengthen America’s national identity and international reputation. Millions of LGBT people contribute daily to American life in a multitude of ways culturally, socially, financially, politically, vocationally, and spiritually. They are vital to this nation’s continued growth and evolution and the U.S.A. would suffer greatly from the extraction of their many contributions. The legalization of same-sex marriage encourages the human right that everyone deserves. This promotion of equality and non-discrimination is extremely important in reducing homophobia and encouraging a minority group in society that has suffered colossal amounts of disgust that nobody deserves. â€Å"More than 1 in 5 LGBTQ students are physically harassed or assaulted because of their sexual orientation.† Children and young adults are being bullied because of whom they like; many of them cannot deal with this harassment and end up committing suicide. A large part of this nation’s future will be dead if this nonsense doesn’t quit. What more of a reason d o people need to know to see that homophobia is wicked and same-sex marriage should be permitted? It has been proven that same-sex marriage has provided a major economical boost to those states and countries that have embraced marriage equality. The marriage and wedding industry is a significant one. â€Å"Nearly $260 million was injected into the New York City economy in the year following the legalization of same-sex marriage.† Its obvious that money-obsessed geezers that are always looking for a way to get more money out of citizens run the government. They’d be absolutely blind and useless not to acknowledge that authorizing same-sex marriages could be a win-win for both them and gay couples. America has historically presented itself as a global leader in matters of freedom and democracy. It’s unfortunate and ironic, however, that  back on home soil one particular group of people is consistently denied full access to the â€Å"American dream.† The fact that the federal government doesn’t recognize same-sex marriage in a majority of the sta tes has damaged America’s international reputation in relation to LGBT rights. If people would stop discriminating and start embracing this way of life it would play a key role in enhancing America’s international reputation in matters of social justice and in restoring this nation’s integrity as a global leader in the competence of civil and human rights. Also, â€Å"Liberty and justice for all† would finally be believable when same-sex couples are granted equal access to laws across the country. It’s time for things to change and begin to celebrate diversity and difference in our society, rather than continuing to fear or attack it.

Solid Waste Management For Hotels In Mauritius

Solid Waste Management For Hotels In Mauritius The main objectives of this mini project were: to provide a review of key concepts and issues relevant to solid waste management for Small ,Medium ,and Large Hotel in Mauritius ; to analyse and evaluate the hotel solid waste management (HSWM) program in Mauritius and to suggest recommendations and areas for further research. The following data collection methods were used in this study: deep review of documents and literature, interviews and a propose methodology to carry out the study. Tourism can bring both positive and negative impacts. One aspect of tourism that can have an impact on local communities is solid waste management (SWM). Improper SWM can lead to pollution and deterioration of the aesthetic appeal of tourist destinations. However ,may airline agency are assessed the hotels for safety and ecology before placing the tourist in the hotels. A proposed survey questionnaire has been designed and could be administered at a later stage for future evaluation of solid waste in small, medium, and large hotel .The questionnaire has been designed in such a way to be able to analyse all solid waste within a hotel ,example ,waste from kitchen ,store ,office ,Front Office ,Laundry ,Housekeeping and so on Waste minimization is essential in the hotel industry with regards to waste reduction, reuse, recovery and disposal. This is also referred to as the Hierarchy of Waste Management .From the literature review obtained from different sources, small ,medium and large hotel can adopt the hierarchy of waste Minimization ,Reduction ,Reuse and Recovery .However it is also noticed that there is advantages and disadvantages using Waste Minimization Approach . Now ,there is a lot of recycling companies in Mauritius which collect or hotel go to disposed all the materials to be recycled such as glasses to Glass Gallery ,Metals to Steel Scrap Ltd ,Plastic Bottle to Polypet Recyclers Ltd ,Paper to Agripac or Dakhri Paper . If Solid Waste is not properly managed by the hotel ,there can be a environmental degradation and pollution, resource depletion and damage to marine ecosystem. The EPA 2002 is enforced by the Ministry of Local Government .According to the EIA ,no hotel construction till the approval of the EIA Report Many hotels generate above 20% of food waste , Green Waste and can be composting .According to the Ministry of Local Government ,very few hotels carry out the composting and many of the hotels whether small ,medium or large do not have expertise on composting . It is also evident that small and medium hotels pay less attention for the implementation of waste minimization than larger hotels, because the costs outweigh the benefits. The small and medium hotels have limited space for them to apply the minimization totally .But to some extent small and medium hotels can apply the hierrerchy .Concepts such as appropriate technology, cleaner production, life cycle assessment and environmental management systems can be useful for improving how solid waste management is approached. Conclusions and lessons learned from the literature are presented and links between concepts in the literature and .recommendations made on how to management waste in these hotels ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs Geeta Devi Unmar for her valuable meetings guide ,support for my mini project on Solid Waste Management for Hotel(Small, Medium and Large ) . I am also grateful Mr Prakash Kowlessur ,Director Solid Waste Unit ,and Mr Micheal Marie ,Principal Enforcement Officer ,Ministry of Local Government , for his helpful coordination with his staffs to collect the quantity of waste per week. Special thank to Mr. Shardoo ,Environment Officer at Ministry of Environment and NDU for his useful information on EIA guide line for coastal hotel .Finally special a thank to Mr. Lan Pin Wing Michel,Statistic Section, Ministry of Tourism ABBREVATIONS Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 An Overview of Solid Waste In Mauritius The rapid industrialisation and urbanization during the past decade have led to changing production and consumption patterns that continue to present new demands for natural resources and create new waste streams. It is estimated that solid waste produced in Mauritius is about 380,000 tonnes a year (or 1,200 tonnes per day) and is expected to reach 418,000 tonnes in 2014.Each Mauritian generates around 0.7 kg of solid waste daily and this is expected to rise to 0.9 kg by 2010. The development of an integrated solid waste management strategy is among the priorities identified in the National Environmental Strategies to reduce future costs from environment degradation The increase in the economic development has changed the life style and the consumption pattern of the population. Consequently, this has led to an increase of the amount of solid waste generated. 1.2 Composition of MSM It is found that most of the waste is organic in nature and can be compost easily (Fact Sheet- Ministry of Environment) . 1.3 Waste Composition from Hotel There are three main sources of waste from hotels (office/guest rooms, gardens, and kitchen/restaurant), and each source contains different types of waste. For example, there are a lot of compostable, which can be biologically decomposed, present in kitchen-waste while more recyclables are present in waste from office/guest rooms (Chopra, 2004) According to Reseearch ,Dr Wan Li Liao ,2008 A typical hotels waste stream in Belize consists of the following component percentages: paper/cardboard 27%, food waste 45%, yard waste 8%, plastic 5%, metal 5%, glass 5%, demolition and construction waste 3%, other 2%. 1.4 Disposal Of Solid Waste In Mauritius Formerly solid wastes were disposed of in open dumping grounds, but due to public complaints of the nuisance caused by the foul odour emitted by the putrefying waste, all the open dumps have now been closed. The Ministry of Local Government and the Local Authorities are responsible for collection and transportation of household and commercial wastes. Today, solid wastes are collected and disposed of at the Mare Chicose landfill through transfer stations. There are presently 5 transfer stations in Mauritius namely: Poudre dOr Roche Bois La Brasserie St Martin La Laura Wastes are compacted at the transfer station to reduce their volume before they are transported in larger vehicles to the sole landfill of the country which is at Mare Chicose. In hotel actually the waste is collected in different bins, that is , segregation at source .Waste carrier come to collect the waste and then transfer to land fill .For Most of the hotel the transfer is subcontracted to cleaning service such as Securiclean, Maxiclean ltd or even to private lorry .Sometime due to poor management of solid waste , poor storage , and irregularity of waste carrier to collect waste ,make rise to bad smell ,rodents and sometimes it is not esthetics . Now the tourism industry is one of the three pillars of the Mauritian Economy. Mauritius is become one of the most important international tourist destinations in the Indian Ocean. The tourist arrivals for the year 2009 rose up to 413,504, with a forecast of 1.0 million tourist arrivals for the end of year 2010. Due to the expansion of tourism industry , there were total of 97 registered hotels in operation by the end of June 2009 (C.S.O., 2009). Hotel activities produce huge amount of wastes, which tend to increase as the number of hotels increases. The problem of waste generation associated to environmental pollution is a challenge to hotels with regards to waste collection and disposal. Our space land fill become limited Much emphasis is placed on ecotourism. Ecotourism in fact consists of three elements: natural-based, educational and sustainable management (ecoT mgt and assess) Mauritius itself is described as an ecotourism destination in the Indian Ocean and Africa region. (encyclo of ecoT). One example of an ecogreen hotel in Mauritius is Le Coco Beach Hotel, whereby ecotourism practices are applied (ecot themes..) Ecogreen hotels can help to protect the environment, make hotel operations sustainable, reduce cost and liabilities, and improve health and safety. Since hotel operations such as housekeeping, bar and restaurant, kitchen, greenscaping, administrative office and staff quarters, generate large quantities of solid waste, a good solid waste management system is essential. Priority must be given to the development and implementation of a sustainable and integrated solid waste management system, encouraging current practices such as reuse, recycling, composting, waste reduction and prevention, facilities for waste disposal and technologies to convert waste into energy. 1.5 Research Goals The improvement of solid waste management is one of the challenges faced by tourist destinations in Mauritius. This mini project provides full literature review of the HSWM program in Mauritius to disseminate information about an innovative solid waste management program in a tourist destination. This study will explore the topics Conclusions,recommendations and future research directions will be presented at the end of the study. The research objectives for the study were: To provide a review of key concepts and issues related to solid waste management in Mauritius . To analyse and evaluate the hotel solid waste management (HSWM) program in Mauritius pertaining to Small ,Medium and Large Hotel To provide space to the landfill . To suggest recommendations and areas for further research. 1.6 Beneficiaries From the outcome of this mini project I have try to identify the HSWM within the Small , Medium and Large Hotel and how the system is working within the hotel ,that the hotel staff is facing and this can serve a starting point in the Hotel for improving its conditions, infrastructure, work environment and attitudes towards the waste management ,and eco environment .It will be a great benefit for the Small and Medium Hotel 2.0 Literature review 2.1.1 What is waste Wastes are those materials no longer required by an individual, institution or industry. Wastes are thus regarded as by-products or end products of the production and consumption process respectively. (Source: A. Vesilind, 1995) 2.1.2 Solid waste is that material which arises from various human activities and which is normally discarded as useless or unwanted. Examples of solid wastes: waste tires scrap metal furniture and toys domestic refuse (garbage) discarded appliances and vehicles empty cans, paint cans and compressed gas cylinders ,plastics and bottle construction and demolition debris, 2.1.3 SOURCES AND TYPES OF WASTES Wastes are produced by human activities and include: 1. Municipal wastes 2. Industrial wastes 3. Agricultural wastes 5. Energy generation wastes . 2.1.3 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a given area. There are five broad categories of MSW: Biodegradable waste: food kitchen waste, green waste, paper (can also be recycled). Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals, certain plastics, etc. Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris. Composite wastes: Waste clothing, Tetra Paks, Waste plastics such as toys. Domestic hazardous waste toxic waste: medication, paints, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe WASTE DISPOSAL 2.4 Waste Generation And Collection In Mauritius waste collection is undertaken by the local authorities which consist of 5 municipalities for urban areas and 4 district councils for rural regions. More recent figures indicate that close to 800 tonnes of waste is collected daily and this figure is set to increase to 1000 tonnes daily in the coming years. The following is a break up of the sources of waste by tonnage. Trade and Industry: 150 tonnes/ day Domestic waste : 600 tonnes/ day Hotels : 50 tonnes/ day It has been estimated that, on average, each person generates 0.6 kg of waste daily. Whereas an average family generates 800 kg per year. (Solid Waste Unit ,Ministry of Local Government) Type of Waste Percentage of Waste Table 2 -Tonnage of Waste -Mare Chicose Landfill for Year 2007 to 2009 From the graph it can be concluded that the generation on waste is being kept increase. Metal cans: It is estimated that 28 million metal cans are imported annually and this is set to increase at a rate of 5.7% yearly. 2.4.1 HOTEL WASTE GENARATION Each hotel room generates an estimated 9.2 kg of waste per day (Wisnu 1998b). In Indonesia, per capita waste generation rates were 0.65-0.83 kg/day in large cities, 0.55-0.63 kg/day in medium cities and 0.47-0.5 kg/day in small towns (Jindal et al., 1998). Therefore, the amount of waste generate per hotel room is over ten times the amount of waste generated per day .From both study it was concluded that 80% of waste is organic 2.4.2 Waste Disposal The authorised dumps are found at: (1) Poudre DOr (2) Mt St Pierre (3) Riche Fond (4) Solferino (5) La Martiniere An unspecified number of unauthorised dumps exist throughout the island. Though illegal dumping takes place at these sites, the authorities turn a blind eye because of the lack of appropriate structures to deal with all the wastes generated on the island. The present method of waste disposal cannot continue for long as the dumps are overflowing with heterogeneous waste and open dumps have obvious disadvantages like the emission of air pollutants and odours, contamination of the water table with seepage and contamination of aquatic resources like rivers and the lagoon. The Roche Bois dump also situated close to the shore receives domestic, commercial and industrial waste from the Port Louis area. About 100 tonnes of solid waste are discharged daily at the site and then incinerated. The adjoining lagoon is subsequently polluted with all types of solid waste, it also a receptacle for sewage and industrial waste discharge. 2.5 Waste Management Waste management shall mean the collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste, including the supervision of such operations and aftercare of disposal sites However the newer concepts of Waste management talk about Reduce, Reuse and Recycle of waste over and above waste disposa1. 2.5.1Waste Minimization Approaches to Hotel Waste The Waste Hierarchy is a list of approaches to managing waste, arranged in order of importance. Below is a common graphical representation of the Hierarchy, with the least preferred option for managing waste, Recovery, located at the right end and the most preferred option, Reduction, located at the beginning left. WASTE MINIMIZAT10N APPRAOCHES Waste Minimization Techniques Delivered by Hotel 2.5.1.1 Reduction Reduction is the topmost approach in the hierarchy of waste management. It is perhaps the most important element of the waste hierarchy and also the one which presents the toughest challenges. According to the book Waste Treatment and Disposal, reduction is the strategy that waste production from commercial consumption should be reduced. It concerns the consumption and purchasing of longer lasting products, and products which are likely to result in less waste when they are used. Examples of waste reduction are: buying by bulk, and using alternatives. 2.5.1.2 Reuse This is the second most important approach in the hierarchy of waste management. Reuse is the collection and reuse of materials, for example cleaning and reuse of glass bottles. Reuse is a more effective use of resources. Many of these products can be reused instead of being disposed of to landfill Many waste products have the potential to be reused enabling purchasing cost savings at the facility, as well as decreasing waste management cost. The approach of reusing products can create changes in attitudes towards disposable products. Examples of products that can be reuse are: used tyres, glass and plastic bottles, scrap paper, and plastic bags. 2.5.1.3 Recovery This is the third and final approach in the hierarchy of waste management. It includes two types of waste recovery, which are recycling and composting. According to the book Waste Treatment and Disposal, (1) Recycling. The potential to recycle material from waste is high, Recycling: reprocessing of a discarded waste material to make it suitable for subsequent re-use either for its original form or for other purposes Recycling is beneficial in two ways: it reduces the inputs and reduces the amount of waste produced for disposal.Finally on recycling we can save transport vehicles ,maintenance cost ,fuel cost In Mauritius, figures for 2000 show that only 15 820 tonnes of waste per year was being recycled instead of 100,000 tonnes (Min. of Env. N.D.U-2003). 2.6 Benefits of Waste Minimization The benefits of the implementation of waste minimization at the hotel whether small ,medium or large facility are as follows: 1. Less waste generation will be produced due to the implementation of waste minimization programs in hotels and the support of tourist visitors and employees. As a result, the market trends, which attract and motivate tourists to visit increases since the environmental quality is maintained. More tourist will be attracted 2. Giving back to the community and showing environmentally friendly concerns also enhances the outlook of the hotels public image. Being socially responsible shows how much the business cares about the outside elements that makes the business successful, and not just about profits 3. Having an environmental focus of the hotels operations creates a market niche separating that particular hotel from its competitors, whom are not eco-friendly. An environmental focus is relatively new in the hotel industry. 5. Increasing profits result since an abundant amount of money purchasing new products which the facility could have been using the reusable products instead and paying less for waste disposal. 2.7 Difficulties of Waste Minimization Just as there are many benefits of waste minimization, there are indeed many difficulties. 1. Although waste reduction, reuse and recovery have become an integral part of many hotel management plans, space limitations and finance often make this process problematic for some facilities. 2. Limited knowledge and training can be strenuous for managers to discipline their employees in carrying out these environmentally friendly practices. Lack of control over these behaviors can be quite demanding. 3 At the smaller hotels, the costs outweigh the benefits leaving the facility with no incentive to carry out this sustainable way of operating. Environmental awareness is growing at a slow rate. 2.7 Tourism: Solid waste generation and impacts Hotel activities tend to produce large amount of solid wastes; waste paper, stationery and ink cartridges from the administrative offices and staff quarters; old furniture equipments from guest rooms; food scraps, broken glassware and other solid waste from the kitchen, bar and restaurants; newspapers and magazines from the front desk, waste vegetation from greenscaping and out of use equipments from the maintenance department. The tourism industry can have positive impacts for a country. For example: increase of national profit, enhancement of the countrys global image, bringing in investors and improved infrastructure. On the other hand, negative effects are also felt; environmental degradation and pollution, resource depletion and damage to marine ecosystem. 2.8 Importance of a good Solid Waste Management Waste is unsightly, malodorous and unaesthetic, polluting land, air and water, clogging drainage systems, posing serious public health risks, and restricting potential land use (Pernia,1992 ).Improper SWM can result in pollution and health risks and waste, if not disposed of properly can become a nuisance and a health hazard.Decomposing waste harbor disease vectors, attracts vermin and help the proliferation of rodents and rats (national state of Allegro Papgayo hotel in Costa Rica was closed because of bad and unsustainable waste management practices which lead to ocean pollution in the surroundings and bad smelling (Costa Ricas Occidental Grand Papagayo to close?,2008). A good SWM is essential and should emphasize on environmental protection and health 2.9 Approach to a Sustainable and Integrated Solid Waste Management At present, more and more hotels are implementing sustainable practices to reduce tourism impacts on the environment by using water, energy and other materials efficiently. These are termed as ecogreen hotels. This reduces cost for waste disposal and increased profits. In Mauritius some hotels like Oberoi Hotel and Le Plantation using recycles items and one restaurant from Le Plantation Hotel is made of all recycles materials like all plates ,glasses ,chairs ,tables and so on .Another example is that At Amelia Island Plantation, Amelia Island, FL, more than 5.5 tons of waste is collected for recycling each week. 2.9.1 Energy recovery Treating waste thermally WTE with heat recovery can help to supply a clean and trustworthy energy under the form of heat and power. This can contribute to saving energy (Pavlas, et al., 2009). One example is Payatas, whereby electricity is produced from methane gas (Serrona, Yu, 2009). Energy recovery is a very sustainable solution to Plastic Solid Waste since plastics have a high calorific content and embodied energy. Cement kilns and fluidized beds are utilized to recover energy from PSW (S.M. Al-Salem et al., 2009). 2.9.2 Composting Composting is a natural process that turns organic material into a dark rich substance. This substance, called compost, is a wonderful conditioner for soil. It is the decomposition of the organic fraction of waste to produce a stable product such as soil conditioners and growing material for plants. Composting can save money for transfer of waste to landfill Composting is found to be the best way to deal with organic types of waste generated (Narayana, 2009). In fact, for solid waste which have a high moisture content and low calorific value, for example: food wastes and greenscaping wastes, aerobic composting is the best method for managing this waste . ( Narayana, 2009). 2.9.3 WASTE REDUCTION Refillable amenity dispensers can replace soap, lotion, shampoo and conditioner bottles in hotel guest rooms. In Food and Beverage they can purchase large tin butter and refilling in small porcelain pot rather than to buy very small butter with smaller plastic container They can use Beverage Dispenser rather than can .They reduce waste, slash operating costs and save time. Housekeeping managers save staff time when they buy highly concentrated cleaning supplies. Engineering managers cut waste and increase productivity when they switch from incandescent lights to fluorescent or LED bulbs. Fluorescent bulbs last five times as long as incandescents and LEDs operate twenty-five times longer. Modular mattresses allow hotels to replace just the mattress tops, not the rest of the units. They extend the seven-year average life of hotel mattresses by five to ten years. Hotel restaurants reduce waste by using washable table cloths and dinnerware, reusable coffee filters and by providing condiments in bulk dispensers. Hotels can eliminate bottled water waste by using filtered water. There are many more waste prevention strategies that hotels could deploy, such as: eliminating unrequested newspapers; requiring documents to be printed on both sides of the page and with a smaller font and margins; asking hotel suppliers to reduce excess packaging; and having staff use permanent mugs and cups, rather than disposables. The old furniture and the bed with the bed sheet can be donated to the infirmary institutions for reused and at the same time their CSR increases. Recycling Products with minimal packaging can be ordered. Do grass cycling with the grass from the lawn. Stop providing disposable mugs for example, buy company mugs. Buy durable towels, napkins, etc. Encourage the guests to return the reusable products. Introduce the waste prevention programme to the guests. (ecogreenhotel, 2009). 2.9.5 . Environmental Management Systems Environmental management systems (EMSs) provide a framework that can help organizations incorporate tools such as cleaner production. EMSs involve the achievement of environmental goals through the management of environmental aspects in a consistent way. Environmental goals ,policies ,measurable objectives are set by the organisation and achieved through the control of operations. Waste minimization can be an Environmental Policy and objective set is less than 2% of Solid Waste Generation or Zero Waste 2.9.6 EIA Guide Line For Proposed Coastal Hotel Projects ,July 2004 In 2008, some 44 EIA licences were granted of which 12 (27% ) were issued to land parcelling and 8 (18% ) were provided to coastal hotels and related works There is an increase of hotel in our coastal region and an EIA is requires under section 15 of the EPA 2002 for the coastal hotels .Under section 3.7 of the EIA guideline ,July 2004 ,for each impact the section should state steps to avoid or reduce it ,for example ,is as follows :Source ,Type ,Generation ,,Collection and disposal of solid wastes One EIA report for Proposal for the Construction of new Hotel at Tamarin Medine Ltd had been verified and found that that the following statement has been made Waste generated from the kitchen and accessory services if not properly managed may cause direct impact on the surrounding .Indirect impacts may be caused by proliferation of rats ,insects and emission of bad smell (EIA Report ,2009 -Ministry of Environment and N.D.U.) 2.9.7 Impact Mitigation Measures Hotels will be committed to appropriately manage its solid wastes. As much as possible ,solid waste wastes will be sorted for its different components. Biodegradable waste will be composted .Other waste will be kept in sealed bins located in the back house prior being carted away by licensed companies .Measures for waste management to be implemented are as follows : Sort out wastes at source (glass, paper, biodegradable substances ,metals, cans Compost garden green waste and kitchen waste Provide special bin for disposal of batteries ,cartridges ,bulbs etc (EIA report Tamarin Medine Ltd ,2009) 2.9.8 Environment and Health Waste is unsightly and malodourous, polluting land, air and water, clogging drainage systems, posing serious public health risks, and restricting potential land use The burning of garbage releases smoke and hazardous substances. Leachate from the waste can contaminate soil, surface water and groundwater. Mosquitoes that can carry dengue fever as last year this disease recur. Mosquitoes breed in fresh water from accumulated rainfall in cans and bottles .Disease vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches and rodents thrive on solid waste Workers often do not use safety equipment such as facemasks, ear plugs, gloves and proper footwear, and there is a need for education about health and safety issues 2.9.9. Economic Waste recycling can reduce waste disposal costs for local authorities by extending the life of landfills, reducing the need to invest in transport vehicles and equipment, reducing vehicle operation and maintenance costs, and reducing fuel consumption for transporting waste Businesses are provided with cheap raw materials. In Mauritius some hotels are used recycle materials such as the plates make of glasses ,chairs, kitchen waste use for composting and used for gardening .Thus the use of recycled materials reduces the need to import raw materials, meaning that less money is spent on foreign currency. RESEARCH METHODOLOY 3.1 Research Methods Information was gathered using a variety of methods to gain a better understanding of the situation, issues, perspectives and priorities. The primary data will be obtained by applying the following methods namely Interviews , Site Visit for Observations ,Email of Survey Questionnaires to the selected Hotel The secondary data will be obtained by reviewing the literature obtaining from the goggle scholar ,University of Mauritius Library Search ,Publications ,,Magazine Articles and Resent News .Some information will also be obtained from the www.lexpress.mu -Newspaper LExpress 3.2 Document and Literature Review Literature concerning solid waste management in hotel industry was reviewed. Documents were collected from various sources such as universities, industry associations, foreign agencies, government institutions ,AHRIM ,Books ,Magazine Articles ,Publications ,Present News ,research scholar using goggle and statistic office ,Ministry of Environment and National Development Unit ,Ministry Of Local Government ,Solid Waste Unit 3.3Interviews Interviews will be conducted with the Small ,Medium and Large Hotels , To learn about the Hotel Solid Waste Management (HSWM) program, I will interview staff mainly the Maintenance Manager ,Quality Assurance Manager , Health and Safety Officer ,the Head of Restaurant ,Chef Cook ,Food and Beverage Manager ,Executive Housekeeper from those selected hotel Successive conversations with the staffs will be helpful for gaining a better understanding of the issues that emerged. An initial set of questions will be prepared as per our Survey Questionnaire Appendix I in advance and additional questions were asked as the interviews will be conducted. This site visit interview will be appropriate for our mini project According to Tourism Welfare Fund Authority and AHRIM the following hotels are classified as HOTEL SIZE ROOM RANGE NO OF HOTELS FROM LIST SAMPLE SIZE SMALL 1-50 61 61 MEDIUM 50 100 34 61 LARGE >100 38<